Use and applications of integration between quantic Computation and blockchain: exploratory systematic review
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quantum attacks, blockchain, quantum computing, post-quantum mitigation
Blockchain technologies in conjunction with quantum computing is a new field of research, which focuses its efforts on the identification and mitigation of the problems that will lead to the maturity and adoption of quantum computing techniques, when consulting scientific publications on These issues, specifically in the Scopus database, can identify that for 30 years research has been carried out on quantum computing, having a growth in the last decade and a greater interest in the last three years, on the other hand almost three decades later they appear Blockchain related publications presenting a slow interest in their beginnings in contrast to their great interest in the last 3 years. In addition, the results of the consultation in this database of the two themes together reflect that only since 2018 are scientific publications presented, particularly for the year 2019 Quantum Computing presents 833 publications, Blockchain 3760 and these two themes together only 5 publications, which presents 0.60% and 0.13%, regarding each subject separately respectively.
M. Pilkington, “Blockchain technology:Principles and applications,” Res.Handbooks Digit. Transform., pp. 225–253, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784717766.00019
M. Crosby, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman, “Applied Innovation Review,” Appl. Innov. Rev., no. 2, pp.5–20, 2016
D. Wessel, “The Hutchins Center Explains: How blockchain could change the financial system (part 1) | Brookings Institution,” Brookings, p. 1, 2016
P. Giungato, R. Rana, A. Tarabella, and C. Tricase, “Current Trends in Sustainability of Bitcoins and Related Blockchain Technology,” Sustainability, vol. 9, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122214
D. Puthal, N. Malik, S. P. Mohanty, E. Kougianos, and C. Yang, “The Blockchain as a Decentralized Security Framework [Future Directions],” IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 18–21, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2017.2776459
Y. L. Gao, X. B. Chen, Y. L. Chen, Y. Sun, X. X. Niu, and Y. X. Yang, “A Secure Cryptocurrency Scheme Based on PostQuantum Blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 27205–27213, Apr. 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2827203
P. Shor, “Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer,” SIAM Rev., pp. 303–332, 1999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036144598347011
E. Rieffel and W. Polak, “An introduction to quantum computing for nonphysicists,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 300–335, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/367701.367709
M. Mosca, “Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: Will we be ready?,” IEEE Secur. Priv., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 38–41, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.3761723
I. Stewart, D. Ilie, A. Zamyatin, S. Werner, M. F. Torshizi, and W. J. Knottenbelt, “Committing to quantum resistance: A slow defence for Bitcoin against a fast quantum computing attack,” R. Soc. Open Sci., vol. 5, no. 6, Jun. 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180410
A. K. Fedorov, E. O. Kiktenko, and A. I. Lvovsky, “Quantum computers put blockchain security at risk,” Nature, vol. 563, no. 7732, pp. 465–467, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07449-z
C. Y. Li, X. B. Chen, Y. L. Chen, Y.Y. Hou, and J. Li, “A New Lattice-Based Signature Scheme in Post-Quantum Blockchain Network,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 2026–2033, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886554
E. O. Kiktenko et al., “Quantumsecured blockchain,” Quantum Sci. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/aabc6b
P. W. Shor, “Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring,” in Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1994, pp. 124–134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1994.365700
D. Aggarwal, G. Brennen, T. Lee, M. Santha, and M. Tomamichel, “Quantum Attacks on Bitcoin, and How to Protect Against Them,” Ledger, vol. 3, pp. 1–21, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2018.127
S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SyNakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Consulted, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10838-008-9062-0stem,” J. Gen. Philos.
Sci., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 53–67, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-008-9062-0
H. L. Colquhoun et al., “Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting,” J. Clin. Epidemiol., vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 1291–1294, Dec. 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
A. Liberati et al., “The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration,” PLoS Med., vol. 6, no. 7, p. e1000100, Jul. 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
M. Jin and C. D. Yoo, “Quantum hashing for multimedia,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 982–994, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2009.2033221
D. Rajan and M. Visser, “Quantum Blockchain Using Entanglement in Time,” Quantum Reports, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–11, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum1010002
Z. Cai, J. Qu, P. Liu, and J. Yu, “A Blockchain Smart Contract Based on Light- Weighted Quantum Blind Signature,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 138657–138668, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2941153
S. Krendelev and P. Sazonova, “Parametric hash function resistant to attack by quantum computer,” Proc. 2018 Fed. Conf. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. FedCSIS 2018, vol. 15, pp. 387–390, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15439/2018F254
F. M. Ablayev, D. A. Bulychkov, D. A. Sapaev, A. V. Vasiliev, and M. T. Ziatdinov, “Quantum-Assisted Blockchain,” Lobachevskii J. Math., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 957–960, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995080218070028
W. Dai, “Quantum-computing with AI & blockchain: modelling, fault tolerance and capacity scheduling,” Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst
H. Anada, T. Yasuda, J. Kawamoto, J. Weng, and K. Sakurai, “RSA public keys with inside structure: Proofs of key generation and identities for webof-trust,” J. Inf. Secur. Appl., vol. 45, pp. 10–19, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2018.12.006
T. Lee, M. Ray, and M. Santha, “Strategies for quantum races,” Leibniz Int. Proc. Informatics, LIPIcs, vol. 124, no. 51, pp. 1–21, 2019
X. Sun, M. Sopek, Q. Wang, and P. Kulicki, “Towards Quantum-Secured Permissioned Blockchain: Signature, Consensus, and Logic,” Entropy, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 887, Sep. 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/e21090887
A. Behera and G. Paul, “Quantum to classical one-way function and its applications in quantum money authentication,” Quantum Inf. Process., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1–24, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-018-1965-z
J. Jogenfors, “Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secure Currency Secured by the No-Cloning Theorem of Quantum Mechanics,” ICBC 2019 - IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain Cryptocurrency, pp. 245–252, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/BLOC.2019.8751473
Blockchain technologies in conjunction with quantum computing is a new field of research, which focuses its efforts on the identification and mitigation of the problems that will lead to the maturity and adoption of quantum computing techniques, when consulting scientific publications on These issues, specifically in the Scopus database, can identify that for 30 years research has been carried out on quantum computing, having a growth in the last decade and a greater interest in the last three years, on the other hand almost three decades later they appear Blockchain related publications presenting a slow interest in their beginnings in contrast to their great interest in the last 3 years. In addition, the results of the consultation in this database of the two themes together reflect that only since 2018 are scientific publications presented, particularly for the year 2019 Quantum Computing presents 833 publications, Blockchain 3760 and these two themes together only 5 publications, which presents 0.60% and 0.13%, regarding each subject separately respectively.
M. Pilkington, “Blockchain technology:Principles and applications,” Res.Handbooks Digit. Transform., pp. 225–253, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784717766.00019
M. Crosby, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman, “Applied Innovation Review,” Appl. Innov. Rev., no. 2, pp.5–20, 2016
D. Wessel, “The Hutchins Center Explains: How blockchain could change the financial system (part 1) | Brookings Institution,” Brookings, p. 1, 2016
P. Giungato, R. Rana, A. Tarabella, and C. Tricase, “Current Trends in Sustainability of Bitcoins and Related Blockchain Technology,” Sustainability, vol. 9, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122214
D. Puthal, N. Malik, S. P. Mohanty, E. Kougianos, and C. Yang, “The Blockchain as a Decentralized Security Framework [Future Directions],” IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 18–21, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2017.2776459
Y. L. Gao, X. B. Chen, Y. L. Chen, Y. Sun, X. X. Niu, and Y. X. Yang, “A Secure Cryptocurrency Scheme Based on PostQuantum Blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 27205–27213, Apr. 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2827203
P. Shor, “Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer,” SIAM Rev., pp. 303–332, 1999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036144598347011
E. Rieffel and W. Polak, “An introduction to quantum computing for nonphysicists,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 300–335, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/367701.367709
M. Mosca, “Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: Will we be ready?,” IEEE Secur. Priv., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 38–41, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.3761723
I. Stewart, D. Ilie, A. Zamyatin, S. Werner, M. F. Torshizi, and W. J. Knottenbelt, “Committing to quantum resistance: A slow defence for Bitcoin against a fast quantum computing attack,” R. Soc. Open Sci., vol. 5, no. 6, Jun. 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180410
A. K. Fedorov, E. O. Kiktenko, and A. I. Lvovsky, “Quantum computers put blockchain security at risk,” Nature, vol. 563, no. 7732, pp. 465–467, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07449-z
C. Y. Li, X. B. Chen, Y. L. Chen, Y.Y. Hou, and J. Li, “A New Lattice-Based Signature Scheme in Post-Quantum Blockchain Network,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 2026–2033, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886554
E. O. Kiktenko et al., “Quantumsecured blockchain,” Quantum Sci. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/aabc6b
P. W. Shor, “Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring,” in Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1994, pp. 124–134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1994.365700
D. Aggarwal, G. Brennen, T. Lee, M. Santha, and M. Tomamichel, “Quantum Attacks on Bitcoin, and How to Protect Against Them,” Ledger, vol. 3, pp. 1–21, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2018.127
S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SyNakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Consulted, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10838-008-9062-0stem,” J. Gen. Philos.
Sci., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 53–67, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-008-9062-0
H. L. Colquhoun et al., “Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting,” J. Clin. Epidemiol., vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 1291–1294, Dec. 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
A. Liberati et al., “The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration,” PLoS Med., vol. 6, no. 7, p. e1000100, Jul. 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
M. Jin and C. D. Yoo, “Quantum hashing for multimedia,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 982–994, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2009.2033221
D. Rajan and M. Visser, “Quantum Blockchain Using Entanglement in Time,” Quantum Reports, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–11, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum1010002
Z. Cai, J. Qu, P. Liu, and J. Yu, “A Blockchain Smart Contract Based on Light- Weighted Quantum Blind Signature,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 138657–138668, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2941153
S. Krendelev and P. Sazonova, “Parametric hash function resistant to attack by quantum computer,” Proc. 2018 Fed. Conf. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. FedCSIS 2018, vol. 15, pp. 387–390, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15439/2018F254
F. M. Ablayev, D. A. Bulychkov, D. A. Sapaev, A. V. Vasiliev, and M. T. Ziatdinov, “Quantum-Assisted Blockchain,” Lobachevskii J. Math., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 957–960, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995080218070028
W. Dai, “Quantum-computing with AI & blockchain: modelling, fault tolerance and capacity scheduling,” Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst
H. Anada, T. Yasuda, J. Kawamoto, J. Weng, and K. Sakurai, “RSA public keys with inside structure: Proofs of key generation and identities for webof-trust,” J. Inf. Secur. Appl., vol. 45, pp. 10–19, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2018.12.006
T. Lee, M. Ray, and M. Santha, “Strategies for quantum races,” Leibniz Int. Proc. Informatics, LIPIcs, vol. 124, no. 51, pp. 1–21, 2019
X. Sun, M. Sopek, Q. Wang, and P. Kulicki, “Towards Quantum-Secured Permissioned Blockchain: Signature, Consensus, and Logic,” Entropy, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 887, Sep. 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/e21090887
A. Behera and G. Paul, “Quantum to classical one-way function and its applications in quantum money authentication,” Quantum Inf. Process., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1–24, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-018-1965-z
J. Jogenfors, “Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secure Currency Secured by the No-Cloning Theorem of Quantum Mechanics,” ICBC 2019 - IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain Cryptocurrency, pp. 245–252, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/BLOC.2019.8751473