Characterization of university students who consume liquor in Medellin, Colombia
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alcoholic beverages, alcohol consumption, academic performance, college students, public health
The excessive consumption of alcohol is a public health problem that affects both the individual and his family, resulting in the detriment of the person, in relation to physical, psychological and emotional aspects, among many other factors. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the university students of the city of Medellin, Colombia, regarding the consumption of alcohol. A survey was applied to 1200 individuals, whose age ranged between 18 and 25 years. For processing the information, the technique exploratory factor analysis was used, finding significant difference between sexes (p<0.05), in the way they perceive the consumption of liquor. In conclusion, it is emphasized that drinking alcoholic beverages affects more the male sex in relation to academic performance.
D. Sicard y J.L. Legras. “Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces Sensu stricto complex”, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 334, no. 3, 229-236. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.016
W.K. Cook y R. Caetano. “Ethnic drinking cultures, gender and socioeconomic status in Asian American and Latino drinking”, Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 38, pp. 3043-3051. 2014. http://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12573
M. Constantinescu y C. Constantinescu. “Success local policies in preventing and reducing the alcohol consumption among youngsters”, Review of Research and Social Intervention, vol. 36, pp. 54-73. 2012
World Health Organization WHO. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO. 2018
World Health Organization WHO. European status report on alcohol and health 2010. Geneva: WHO. 2010
M. Roerecke y J.Rehm. “Irregular heavy drinking occasions and risk of ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 171, no. 6, pp. 633-644. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp451
Y. Brandão, D. Correia, M. de Farias, T. Antunes, y L. da Silva, L. “The prevalence of alcohol consumption among the students newly enrolled at a public university”, Journal of Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 345, 2011. http://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.84434
F. Pechansky, R. De Boni, L.V. Diemen, D. Bumaguin, I. Pinsky, M. Zaleski, et al. “Highly reported prevalence of drinking and driving in Brazil: data from the first representative household study”, Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, vol. 31, pp. 125-130, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462009000200008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462009000200008
J.Marshall. Alcohol dependence and alcohol problems. In: M. Gelder, N. Andreasen, J. Lopez, & J. R. Geddes (Eds.), New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (2nd ed, pp.437-442). Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 2010.
M.G. Monteiro, J. Rehm, K.D. Shield y T. Stockwell. Alcohol consumption: An overview of international trends. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. USA: Elsevier, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.03186-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.03186-X
A.M. Reinaldo y S.C. Pillon. “Alcohol effects on family relations: a case study”, Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, vol. 16 (especial), pp. 529-534, 2008.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000700005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000700005
A.D. Johnston. When it comes to alcohol, women and men are not created equal. Women and alcohol. Canada: The Alcohol and Drug Services Prevention Team Health and Social Services Government of Yukon, 2013
A. Moinuddin, A. Goel, S. Saini, A. Bajpai y R. Misra. “Alcohol consumption and gender: a critical review”, Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, vol. 6, no. 267, 2016. http://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000267
E. Gutjahr, I.G. Gmel y J. Rehm. “Relation between average alcohol consumption and disease: an overview”, European Addiction Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 117-127, 2001. http://doi.org/10.1159/000050729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000050729
J. Rehm y M. Monteiro. “Alcohol consumption and burden of disease in the Americas, implications for alcohol policy”, Pan American Journal of Public Health, vol. 18, no. 4/5, pp. 241-248, 2005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892005000900003
H. Wang, M. Naghavi, C.Allen, et al. “Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015”, Lancet, 388(10053), pp. 1459-1544, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
H.A. Whiteford, L. Degenhardt, J. Rehm, et al. “Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010”, Lancet, vol. 382, no. 9904, pp. 1575-1586, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6
K. Santosh. “Price elasticity of alcohol demand in India”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 390-395, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx001
World Health Organization WHO. Global information system on alcohol and health. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
J. Connor, J. Broad, J. Rehm., S. Vander Hoorn y R. Jackson R. “The burden of death, disease and disability due to alcohol in New Zealand”, New Zealand Medical Journal, vol, 118, no. 1213, U1412, 2005.
Ministerio de Justicia, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (2013). Estudio nacional de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia 2013. Bogotá, Colombia: Los autores.
C. Gantiva, J. Bello, E. Vanegas y Y. Sastoque. “Relación entre el consumo excesivo de alcohol y esquemas maladaptativos tempranos en estudiantes universitarios”, Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 362-374, 2010. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60256-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60256-0
J. Moskalewicz. “Drugs in countries of central and Eastern Europe”, European Addiction Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 157-158, 2002. http://doi.org/10.1159/000066139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000066139
G. Pereira, L. Wood, S. Foster y F. Haggar. “Access to alcohol outlets, alcohol consumption and mental health”, PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. e53461, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0053461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053461
M.P. Davoren, M. Cronin, I.J. Perry y k. O'Connor. “Alcohol consumption among university students: a typology of consumption to aid the tailoring of effective public health policy”, BMJ Open, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. e011815, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-011815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011815
R.I. Dunbar, J. Launay, R. Wlodarski, C. Robertson, E. Pearce, J. Carney y P. MacCarron. “Functional benefits of (Modest) alcohol consumption”, Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, vol. 3, pp. 118-133, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-016-0058-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-016-0058-4
A. Stueve y L.N. O´Donnell. “Early alcohol initiation and subsequent sexual and alcohol risk behaviors among urban youths”, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 887-893, 2005. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567
E. Ladekjær, G. Andsager, K. Lund, C. Stock. “Students’ drinking behavior and perceptions towards introducing alcohol policies on university campus in Denmark: a focus group study”, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, vol. 11, no. 17, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0060-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0060-7
L. Salanţă, M. Tofană, E. Mudura, C. Pop, A. Pop y T. Coldea. “The alcoholic beverage consumption preference of university students: a preliminary Romanian case study”, Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 33-39, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11984
R.T. Mikolajczyk, R. Sebena, J. Warich, V. Naydenova, U. Dudziak y O. Orosova. Alcohol drinking in university students matters for their self-rated health status: a cross-sectional study in three European countries. Frontiers in Public Health vol. 4, no. 210, 2016. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00210
M. Woźniakowski, M. Zarobkiewicz, M. Sławiński, L. Świerszcz, A. Roszkowska y H. Piecewicz. “The prevalence of alcohol use among medical students in Poland”, Journal of Education, Health and Sport, vol. 7, no. 9), pp. 184-189, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890835
E. Nieto. “Consumo de alcohol entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Extremadura”, Metas de Enfermería, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 6-11, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171901.67
J.M. Méndez y M.C. Azaustre. “El consumo de alcohol en universitarios. Estudio de las relaciones entre las causas y los efectos negativos”, Revista Complutense de Educación, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 691-706, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2017.v28.n3.49725
L. Miquel, M. Rodamilans, R. Giménez, T. Cambras, A. Canudas y A. Gual. “Evaluación del consumo de riesgo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios de la Facultad de Farmacia”, Adicciones, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 190-197, 2015. http://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.705
R. Al-Ameri, H. Al-Badri y R. Lafta. “Prevalence of alcohol consumption among university students in Baghdad: a crosssection survey from Iraq”, Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, vol. 13, 4, pp. 1-8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2427/1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2427/11942
J. Chu, H. Jahn, M. Khan, y A. Kraemer. “Alcohol consumption among university students: a Sino-German comparison demonstrates a much lower consumption of alcohol in Chinese students”, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 25, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0062-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0062-0
R.W. Hingson, T. Heeren y M.R. Winter. “Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age at onset, duration, and severity”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, vol. 160, no. 7, pp. 739-746, 2006. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.7.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.7.739
J.N. Pavajeau, D. Arias, M.C. Echeverría, P. Aranguren, L.N. Gutiérrez, L.F. Gómez y J.D. Pinzón. “Alcohol consumption in urban settings in the surrounding area of a university in Bogotá. Results of a pilot study”, Universitas Medica, vol. 60, no. 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed60-1.caeu DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed60-1.caeu
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S. Betancourth, L. Tácan, y E.G. “Córdoba. Consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios colombianos”, Revista Universidad y Salud, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 37-50, 2017. http://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171901.67 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171901.67
A. Salcedo, X. Palacios y A. Espinosa. “Consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios”, Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 77-97. 2011.
L.F. Lema, M.T. Varela, C. Duarte y M. Bonilla. “Influencia familiar y social en el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 264-271, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.9987
M. Ortiz, L.F. Sánchez, J. Velandia y G. Delgado. “Patrón de consumo de alcohol de los estudiantes ubicados en los semestres de mayor estrés académico del programa de Medicina de la Universidad de Pamplona en el primer período del año: estudio descriptivo”, INBIOM, vol. 4, pp. 13-20, 2017.
P. Torres, C. Barrios, V. Díaz, C. Vega, S. González y S. Vergara, S. “Características del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y patrón de consumo en estudiantes de Odontología”, Salud Uninorte, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 168-167, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.33.2.10544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.33.2.10544
Y. Toledo, D. Correia, M. Alves, T. Tavares y L. Alves. “The prevalence of alcohol consumption among the students newly enrolled at a public university”, Journal of Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 345-349, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.84434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.84434
S. Pesantes, M. Urbina, J. Quezada, J. Juárez y G. Padilla. “Patrón de consumo de alcohol en universitarios y sus repercusiones sociales. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo”, Enfermería, Investigación y Desarrollo, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 6-24, 2015.
Secretaría General de la Comunidad Andina SG-CAN. Estudio epidemiológico Andino sobreconsumo de drogas sintéticas en la población universitaria de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú, 2009. Perú: La Secretaría.
K.A. Kyei y M. Ramagoma. “Alcohol consumption in South African Universities: Prevalence and factors at the University of Venda, Limpopo Province”, Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 77-86, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2013.11893175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2013.11893175
L. Cherian, M. Mboweni, L. Mabasa y T. Mafumo. “Patterns and prevalence of alcohol use among university of Utopia Students in South Africa”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 5, no. 20, pp. 1573-1579, 2014. http://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1573
The excessive consumption of alcohol is a public health problem that affects both the individual and his family, resulting in the detriment of the person, in relation to physical, psychological and emotional aspects, among many other factors. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the university students of the city of Medellin, Colombia, regarding the consumption of alcohol. A survey was applied to 1200 individuals, whose age ranged between 18 and 25 years. For processing the information, the technique exploratory factor analysis was used, finding significant difference between sexes (p<0.05), in the way they perceive the consumption of liquor. In conclusion, it is emphasized that drinking alcoholic beverages affects more the male sex in relation to academic performance.
D. Sicard y J.L. Legras. “Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces Sensu stricto complex”, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 334, no. 3, 229-236. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.016
W.K. Cook y R. Caetano. “Ethnic drinking cultures, gender and socioeconomic status in Asian American and Latino drinking”, Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 38, pp. 3043-3051. 2014. http://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12573
M. Constantinescu y C. Constantinescu. “Success local policies in preventing and reducing the alcohol consumption among youngsters”, Review of Research and Social Intervention, vol. 36, pp. 54-73. 2012
World Health Organization WHO. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO. 2018
World Health Organization WHO. European status report on alcohol and health 2010. Geneva: WHO. 2010
M. Roerecke y J.Rehm. “Irregular heavy drinking occasions and risk of ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 171, no. 6, pp. 633-644. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp451
Y. Brandão, D. Correia, M. de Farias, T. Antunes, y L. da Silva, L. “The prevalence of alcohol consumption among the students newly enrolled at a public university”, Journal of Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 345, 2011. http://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.84434
F. Pechansky, R. De Boni, L.V. Diemen, D. Bumaguin, I. Pinsky, M. Zaleski, et al. “Highly reported prevalence of drinking and driving in Brazil: data from the first representative household study”, Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, vol. 31, pp. 125-130, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462009000200008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462009000200008
J.Marshall. Alcohol dependence and alcohol problems. In: M. Gelder, N. Andreasen, J. Lopez, & J. R. Geddes (Eds.), New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (2nd ed, pp.437-442). Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 2010.
M.G. Monteiro, J. Rehm, K.D. Shield y T. Stockwell. Alcohol consumption: An overview of international trends. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. USA: Elsevier, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.03186-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.03186-X
A.M. Reinaldo y S.C. Pillon. “Alcohol effects on family relations: a case study”, Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, vol. 16 (especial), pp. 529-534, 2008.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000700005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000700005
A.D. Johnston. When it comes to alcohol, women and men are not created equal. Women and alcohol. Canada: The Alcohol and Drug Services Prevention Team Health and Social Services Government of Yukon, 2013
A. Moinuddin, A. Goel, S. Saini, A. Bajpai y R. Misra. “Alcohol consumption and gender: a critical review”, Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, vol. 6, no. 267, 2016. http://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000267
E. Gutjahr, I.G. Gmel y J. Rehm. “Relation between average alcohol consumption and disease: an overview”, European Addiction Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 117-127, 2001. http://doi.org/10.1159/000050729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000050729
J. Rehm y M. Monteiro. “Alcohol consumption and burden of disease in the Americas, implications for alcohol policy”, Pan American Journal of Public Health, vol. 18, no. 4/5, pp. 241-248, 2005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892005000900003
H. Wang, M. Naghavi, C.Allen, et al. “Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015”, Lancet, 388(10053), pp. 1459-1544, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
H.A. Whiteford, L. Degenhardt, J. Rehm, et al. “Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010”, Lancet, vol. 382, no. 9904, pp. 1575-1586, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6
K. Santosh. “Price elasticity of alcohol demand in India”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 390-395, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx001
World Health Organization WHO. Global information system on alcohol and health. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
J. Connor, J. Broad, J. Rehm., S. Vander Hoorn y R. Jackson R. “The burden of death, disease and disability due to alcohol in New Zealand”, New Zealand Medical Journal, vol, 118, no. 1213, U1412, 2005.
Ministerio de Justicia, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (2013). Estudio nacional de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia 2013. Bogotá, Colombia: Los autores.
C. Gantiva, J. Bello, E. Vanegas y Y. Sastoque. “Relación entre el consumo excesivo de alcohol y esquemas maladaptativos tempranos en estudiantes universitarios”, Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 362-374, 2010. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60256-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60256-0
J. Moskalewicz. “Drugs in countries of central and Eastern Europe”, European Addiction Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 157-158, 2002. http://doi.org/10.1159/000066139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000066139
G. Pereira, L. Wood, S. Foster y F. Haggar. “Access to alcohol outlets, alcohol consumption and mental health”, PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. e53461, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0053461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053461
M.P. Davoren, M. Cronin, I.J. Perry y k. O'Connor. “Alcohol consumption among university students: a typology of consumption to aid the tailoring of effective public health policy”, BMJ Open, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. e011815, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-011815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011815
R.I. Dunbar, J. Launay, R. Wlodarski, C. Robertson, E. Pearce, J. Carney y P. MacCarron. “Functional benefits of (Modest) alcohol consumption”, Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, vol. 3, pp. 118-133, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-016-0058-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-016-0058-4
A. Stueve y L.N. O´Donnell. “Early alcohol initiation and subsequent sexual and alcohol risk behaviors among urban youths”, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 887-893, 2005. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567
E. Ladekjær, G. Andsager, K. Lund, C. Stock. “Students’ drinking behavior and perceptions towards introducing alcohol policies on university campus in Denmark: a focus group study”, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, vol. 11, no. 17, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0060-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0060-7
L. Salanţă, M. Tofană, E. Mudura, C. Pop, A. Pop y T. Coldea. “The alcoholic beverage consumption preference of university students: a preliminary Romanian case study”, Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 33-39, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11984
R.T. Mikolajczyk, R. Sebena, J. Warich, V. Naydenova, U. Dudziak y O. Orosova. Alcohol drinking in university students matters for their self-rated health status: a cross-sectional study in three European countries. Frontiers in Public Health vol. 4, no. 210, 2016. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00210
M. Woźniakowski, M. Zarobkiewicz, M. Sławiński, L. Świerszcz, A. Roszkowska y H. Piecewicz. “The prevalence of alcohol use among medical students in Poland”, Journal of Education, Health and Sport, vol. 7, no. 9), pp. 184-189, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890835
E. Nieto. “Consumo de alcohol entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Extremadura”, Metas de Enfermería, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 6-11, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171901.67
J.M. Méndez y M.C. Azaustre. “El consumo de alcohol en universitarios. Estudio de las relaciones entre las causas y los efectos negativos”, Revista Complutense de Educación, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 691-706, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2017.v28.n3.49725
L. Miquel, M. Rodamilans, R. Giménez, T. Cambras, A. Canudas y A. Gual. “Evaluación del consumo de riesgo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios de la Facultad de Farmacia”, Adicciones, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 190-197, 2015. http://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.705
R. Al-Ameri, H. Al-Badri y R. Lafta. “Prevalence of alcohol consumption among university students in Baghdad: a crosssection survey from Iraq”, Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, vol. 13, 4, pp. 1-8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2427/1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2427/11942
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