Wearable patch antenna design: a study under simulations
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design, patch antenna, radiation parameters, textiles, wearable
In the last decade, communications centered on the human body (body-centric communications) or focused around the body, have taken on great relevance in the field of wireless mobile communications and with a wide range of applications, such as medical, emergency and relief, military, geopositioning and location, in the logistics industry, among others. An essential part of these telecommunications applications is carried out by wearable antennas. This article presents the design of a wearable patch antenna, using materials and accessories for clothing. This antenna was designed to work at the 4.15 GHz frequency, a frequency used by the operating bands of satellite systems (Band C) and which are also being studied to be implemented in 5G technologies. The radiant patch was designed with a metal button that is used as an accessory in jeans, and the simulated dielectric substrate was made of the same jean textile material with a relative permittivity of 1.6 and a thickness of 1.56 mm. This work presents results of radiation pattern, gain, reflection coefficient and efficiency under numerical analysis with specialized software. The good results of the gain stand out, being this one of 8 dBi, and with respect to the efficiency, a value of 76.88 % was obtained for this proposed wearable patch antenna.
Z. Wang, L. Zhang and J. Volakis, "Textile Antennas for Wearable Radio Frequency Applications," Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 105-112, 2013
E. Thangaselvi and K. Jeyanthi, "Implementation of flexible denim nickel copper rip stop textile antenna for medical application," Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 635-645, 2019
S. Manna, T. Bose and R. Bera, "Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review," Advances in Electronics, Communication and Computing, vol. 443, pp. 115-130, 2018
A. Baroni, P. Nepa and H. Rogier, "Wearable self-tuning antenna for emergency rescue operations," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 173-183, 2016
P. Torre, L. Vallozzi, C. Hertleer, H. Rogier, M. Moeneclaey and J. Verhaevert, "Indoor Off-Body Wireless MIMO Communication With Dual Polarized Textile Antennas," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 631-642, 2011
R. Bharadwaj, S. Swaisaenyakorn, C. Parini, J. Batchelor and A. Alomainy, "Localization of Wearable Ultrawideband Antennas for Motion Capture Applications," IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 13, pp. 507-510, 2014
C. Occhiuzzi, S. Cippitelli and G. Marrocco, "Modeling, Design and Experimentation of Wearable RFID Sensor Tag," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 2490-2498, 2010
P. Nepa and H. Rogier, "Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Radio Links at VHF and UHF Bands," IEEE AntEnnAs & ProPAgAtIon MAgAzInE, vol. October, pp. 30-52, 2015
K. Ito, N. Haga, M. Takahashi and K. Saito, "Evaluations of Body-Centric Wireless Communication Channels in a Range From3MHzto3GHz," Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2356-2363, 2012
A. Kittur and G. Vairavel, "Understanding Textile Antenna by Reviewing and Simulating It for High Data Rates Applications," Advances in Smart System Technologies, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1163, pp. 189-207, 2021
K. Venugopal and R. Heath, JR, "Millimeter Wave Networked Wearables in Dense Indoor Environments," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 1205-1221, 201.
N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov, S. Muhammad, L. Le Coq and R. Sauleau, "60-GHz Textile Antenna Array for Body-Centric Communications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1816-1824, 201.
A. Kavitha and J. Swaminathan, "Design of flexible textile antenna using FR4, jeans cotton and teflon substrates," Microsystem Technologies, vol. 25, no. 1311-1320, 2019.
K. Agarwal, Y. Guo and B. Salam, "Wearable AMC Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications on Latex Substrate," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 346-358, 2016.
J. Siden, M. Fein, A. Koptyug and H. Nilsson, "Printed antennas with variable conductive ink layer thickness," IET Microw. Antennas Propagations, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 401-407, 2007
K. Koski, L. Sydänheimo, Y. Rahmat-Samii and L. Ukkonen, "Fundamental Characteristics of Electro-Textiles in Wearable UHF RFID Patch Antennas for Body-Centric Sensing Systems," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 6454-6462, 2014
O. Artamonovs, G. Balodis and J. Blums, "Electrical properties of the conductive pigments for flexible antennas," in 14th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference (BEC2014), Tallin, Estonia, 2014
S. Sankaralingam and B. Gupta, "Determination of Dielectric Constant of Fabric Materials and Their Use as Substrates for Design and Development of Antennas for Wearable Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3122-3130, 2010
C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016
H. Xiaomu, S. Yan and G. Vandenbosch, "Wearable Button Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN Applications With Combined on and off-Body Radiation Patterns," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1384-1387, 2017
S. Chen, T. Kaufmann, D. Ranasinghe and C. Fumeaux, "A Modular Textile Antenna Design Using Snap-on Buttons for Wearable Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 894-903, 2016
V. Jeoti, T. Saeidi, S. Mahmood, Z. Abidin and M. Rehman, "Design of Dual-Band Wearable Crescent-Shaped Button Antenna for WLAN Applications," Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science, vol. 118, pp. 457-464, 2020
B. Sanz, F. Huang and J. Batchelor, "Covert dual-band wearable button antenna," ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 12, 2006
A. Yadav, V. Singh and H. Mohan, "Performance Analysis of Wearable Textile Antenna Under Different Conditions for WLAN and C-Band Applications," in nternational Conference on Intelligent Computing and Smart Communication 2019, Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, Singapur, 2019
P. Saha, R. Dash and D. Ghoshal, "A Compact Uplink-Downlink Band Switchable Wideband Antenna for C-band Satellite Applications," in 2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Delhi-NCR, India, 2020
E. Lagunas, C. Tsinos, S. Sharma and S. Chatzinotas, "5G Cellular and Fixed Satellite Service Spectrum Coexistence in C-Band," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 72078-72094, 2020
C. Hertleer, A. Tronquo, H. Rogier, L. Vallozzi and L. Langenhove, "Aperture-Coupled Patch Antenna for Integration Into Wearable Textile Systems," IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 6, pp. 392-395, 2007
H. Rogier, "Textile Antenna Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization," in Handbook of Smart Textiles, Singapore, Springer Science+Business Media, 2015, pp. 433-458
S. Sankaralingam and B. Gupta, "DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE ANTENNAS FOR BODY WEARABLE APPLICATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE UNDER BENT CONDI- TIONS," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 22, pp. 53-71, 2010
S. Ashok Kumar and T. Shanmuganantham, "Design and Performance of Textile Antenna for Wearable Applications," Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials, vol. 19, pp. 352-355, 2018
E. Thangaselvi and K. Jeyanthi, "Implementation of flexible denim nickel copper rip stop textile antenna for medical application," Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 635-645, 2019
A. Dierck, H. Rogier and F. Declercq, "A Wearable Active Antenna for Global Positioning System and Satellite Phone," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 532-538, 2013
X. Hu, S. Yan and G. Vandenbosch, "Compact Circularly Polarized Wearable Button Antenna With Broadside Pattern for U-NII Worldwide Band Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 1341-1345, 2019
A. Biswas, S. Roy and U. Chakraborty, "A Wide Band Microstrip Antenna integrated with Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) for WLAN and C Band Applications," in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), Coimbatore, India, 2017
Altair, "https://altairuniversity.com/feko-student-edition/," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://altairuniversity.com/feko-student-edition/. [Accessed 21 9 2020]
In the last decade, communications centered on the human body (body-centric communications) or focused around the body, have taken on great relevance in the field of wireless mobile communications and with a wide range of applications, such as medical, emergency and relief, military, geopositioning and location, in the logistics industry, among others. An essential part of these telecommunications applications is carried out by wearable antennas. This article presents the design of a wearable patch antenna, using materials and accessories for clothing. This antenna was designed to work at the 4.15 GHz frequency, a frequency used by the operating bands of satellite systems (Band C) and which are also being studied to be implemented in 5G technologies. The radiant patch was designed with a metal button that is used as an accessory in jeans, and the simulated dielectric substrate was made of the same jean textile material with a relative permittivity of 1.6 and a thickness of 1.56 mm. This work presents results of radiation pattern, gain, reflection coefficient and efficiency under numerical analysis with specialized software. The good results of the gain stand out, being this one of 8 dBi, and with respect to the efficiency, a value of 76.88 % was obtained for this proposed wearable patch antenna.
Z. Wang, L. Zhang and J. Volakis, "Textile Antennas for Wearable Radio Frequency Applications," Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 105-112, 2013
E. Thangaselvi and K. Jeyanthi, "Implementation of flexible denim nickel copper rip stop textile antenna for medical application," Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 635-645, 2019
S. Manna, T. Bose and R. Bera, "Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review," Advances in Electronics, Communication and Computing, vol. 443, pp. 115-130, 2018
A. Baroni, P. Nepa and H. Rogier, "Wearable self-tuning antenna for emergency rescue operations," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 173-183, 2016
P. Torre, L. Vallozzi, C. Hertleer, H. Rogier, M. Moeneclaey and J. Verhaevert, "Indoor Off-Body Wireless MIMO Communication With Dual Polarized Textile Antennas," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 631-642, 2011
R. Bharadwaj, S. Swaisaenyakorn, C. Parini, J. Batchelor and A. Alomainy, "Localization of Wearable Ultrawideband Antennas for Motion Capture Applications," IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 13, pp. 507-510, 2014
C. Occhiuzzi, S. Cippitelli and G. Marrocco, "Modeling, Design and Experimentation of Wearable RFID Sensor Tag," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 2490-2498, 2010
P. Nepa and H. Rogier, "Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Radio Links at VHF and UHF Bands," IEEE AntEnnAs & ProPAgAtIon MAgAzInE, vol. October, pp. 30-52, 2015
K. Ito, N. Haga, M. Takahashi and K. Saito, "Evaluations of Body-Centric Wireless Communication Channels in a Range From3MHzto3GHz," Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2356-2363, 2012
A. Kittur and G. Vairavel, "Understanding Textile Antenna by Reviewing and Simulating It for High Data Rates Applications," Advances in Smart System Technologies, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1163, pp. 189-207, 2021
K. Venugopal and R. Heath, JR, "Millimeter Wave Networked Wearables in Dense Indoor Environments," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 1205-1221, 201.
N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov, S. Muhammad, L. Le Coq and R. Sauleau, "60-GHz Textile Antenna Array for Body-Centric Communications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1816-1824, 201.
A. Kavitha and J. Swaminathan, "Design of flexible textile antenna using FR4, jeans cotton and teflon substrates," Microsystem Technologies, vol. 25, no. 1311-1320, 2019.
K. Agarwal, Y. Guo and B. Salam, "Wearable AMC Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications on Latex Substrate," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 346-358, 2016.
J. Siden, M. Fein, A. Koptyug and H. Nilsson, "Printed antennas with variable conductive ink layer thickness," IET Microw. Antennas Propagations, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 401-407, 2007
K. Koski, L. Sydänheimo, Y. Rahmat-Samii and L. Ukkonen, "Fundamental Characteristics of Electro-Textiles in Wearable UHF RFID Patch Antennas for Body-Centric Sensing Systems," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 6454-6462, 2014
O. Artamonovs, G. Balodis and J. Blums, "Electrical properties of the conductive pigments for flexible antennas," in 14th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference (BEC2014), Tallin, Estonia, 2014
S. Sankaralingam and B. Gupta, "Determination of Dielectric Constant of Fabric Materials and Their Use as Substrates for Design and Development of Antennas for Wearable Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3122-3130, 2010
C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016
H. Xiaomu, S. Yan and G. Vandenbosch, "Wearable Button Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN Applications With Combined on and off-Body Radiation Patterns," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1384-1387, 2017
S. Chen, T. Kaufmann, D. Ranasinghe and C. Fumeaux, "A Modular Textile Antenna Design Using Snap-on Buttons for Wearable Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 894-903, 2016
V. Jeoti, T. Saeidi, S. Mahmood, Z. Abidin and M. Rehman, "Design of Dual-Band Wearable Crescent-Shaped Button Antenna for WLAN Applications," Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science, vol. 118, pp. 457-464, 2020
B. Sanz, F. Huang and J. Batchelor, "Covert dual-band wearable button antenna," ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 12, 2006
A. Yadav, V. Singh and H. Mohan, "Performance Analysis of Wearable Textile Antenna Under Different Conditions for WLAN and C-Band Applications," in nternational Conference on Intelligent Computing and Smart Communication 2019, Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, Singapur, 2019
P. Saha, R. Dash and D. Ghoshal, "A Compact Uplink-Downlink Band Switchable Wideband Antenna for C-band Satellite Applications," in 2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Delhi-NCR, India, 2020
E. Lagunas, C. Tsinos, S. Sharma and S. Chatzinotas, "5G Cellular and Fixed Satellite Service Spectrum Coexistence in C-Band," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 72078-72094, 2020
C. Hertleer, A. Tronquo, H. Rogier, L. Vallozzi and L. Langenhove, "Aperture-Coupled Patch Antenna for Integration Into Wearable Textile Systems," IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 6, pp. 392-395, 2007
H. Rogier, "Textile Antenna Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization," in Handbook of Smart Textiles, Singapore, Springer Science+Business Media, 2015, pp. 433-458
S. Sankaralingam and B. Gupta, "DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE ANTENNAS FOR BODY WEARABLE APPLICATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE UNDER BENT CONDI- TIONS," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 22, pp. 53-71, 2010
S. Ashok Kumar and T. Shanmuganantham, "Design and Performance of Textile Antenna for Wearable Applications," Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials, vol. 19, pp. 352-355, 2018
E. Thangaselvi and K. Jeyanthi, "Implementation of flexible denim nickel copper rip stop textile antenna for medical application," Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 635-645, 2019
A. Dierck, H. Rogier and F. Declercq, "A Wearable Active Antenna for Global Positioning System and Satellite Phone," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 532-538, 2013
X. Hu, S. Yan and G. Vandenbosch, "Compact Circularly Polarized Wearable Button Antenna With Broadside Pattern for U-NII Worldwide Band Applications," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 1341-1345, 2019
A. Biswas, S. Roy and U. Chakraborty, "A Wide Band Microstrip Antenna integrated with Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) for WLAN and C Band Applications," in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), Coimbatore, India, 2017
Altair, "https://altairuniversity.com/feko-student-edition/," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://altairuniversity.com/feko-student-edition/. [Accessed 21 9 2020]
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