Eleventh grade student´s perceptions of graphic design studies
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Academic program, Career choice, High school students, Personal factors, Vocational guidance.
This study examines how 11th-grade students perceive the study of graphic design as a potential career path, focusing on the municipality of Ocaña, where there has been a steady decline in students’ interest in pursuing graphic design as a college major, despite the availability of institutional programs. The analysis is based on the understanding that choosing a career is a complex process influenced by personal, social, academic, and cultural factors. Methodologically, the research employed a quantitative methodology, with a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional approach, using a structured survey administered to eleventh-grade students. This instrument allowed for the analysis of various variables related to program knowledge, self-efficacy perceptions, access to vocational information, social influence, and career intentions. The results presented show that most students have a very general understanding of Graphic Design; however, only a portion of them consider it a career option. A barrier was identified between awareness of the field and the intention to pursue it, which is mainly related to a lack of clear information about job opportunities, unfavorable economic perceptions, doubts about creative abilities, and fear of the impact of artificial intelligence on their future careers. Additionally, there was low awareness of the program in terms of which universities offer it, even though there is already a local institution that offers it.
Agudelo Sarabia, T. S., Sánchez Morales, J., Vargas Jácome, M. L., & Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2023). La pedagogía en el diseño gráfico. Revista CONVICCIONES, 10(19). https://www.fesc.edu.co/Revistas/OJS/index.php/convicciones/article/view/2048
Alarcón Montiel, E. (2020). Elección de carrera: motivos, procesos e influencias y sus efectos en la experiencia estudiantil de jóvenes universitarios de alto rendimiento académico. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/journal/340/34065218004/html/?utm_source=.com
Alarcón Montiel, E.-A. (2019). Elección de carrera: motivos, procesos e influencias y sus efectos en la experiencia estudiantil de jóvenes universitarios de alto rendimiento académico. Reencuentro. Análisis de Problemas Universitarios, 30(77), 53–74. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/340/34065218004/34065218004.pdf
Areces, D., Rodríguez Muñiz, L. J., Suárez Álvarez, J., de la Roca, Y., & Cueli, M. (2016). Information sources used by high school students in the college degree choice. Psicothema, 28(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.76
Azzurra Meoli, Riccardo Fini, Maurizio Sobrero, Johan Wiklund. (2020). How entrepreneurial intentions influence entrepreneurial career choices: The moderating influence of social context. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105982
Balmaceda, M. I., Díaz Reinoso, V., & Cecilia Gil, M. (2018). Cómo entienden los estudiantes el diseño gráfico cuando lo eligen como carrera en la Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Argentina. Kepes, 15(18), 136–167. https://doi.org/10.17151/kepes.2018.15.18.6
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman. https://books.google.com/books/about/Self_efficacy.html?id=_8O9swEACAAJ
Barrientos-Monsalve Ender José, Sotelo-Barrios Mauricio Enrique y Hoyos-Patiño Johann Fernando (2023). METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. Guía práctica para la formulación de proyectos de investigación con ejemplos en áreas de administración y diseño. Primera edición. Ocaña, Norte de Santander: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander; Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones, 100 páginas. ISBN 978-958-503-827-1 (impreso) -- 978-958-503-828-8 (digital) https://n9.cl/36lba
Barrientos Monsalve, E. J., Velásquez-Carrasca, B. L., & Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2021). Contemporaneidad de las corrientes del pensamiento en los paradigmas de investigación. Aglala, 12(S1), 163–181. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.curn.edu.co/index.php/aglala/article/view/2128
Bernal, G. L., Abadia, L. K., Arango, S., & De Witte, K. (2024). Can information change preferences for higher education? Evidence from a randomised experiment in Colombia. International Journal of Educational Research, 127, 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102417
Betancourt, J. (2000). Creatividad en la educación: Educación para transformar. Revista PsicologiaCientifica.com, 2(1). Recuperado de https://psicologiacientifica.com/creatividad-en-la-educacion
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (2004). Los herederos: los estudiantes y la cultura (Trad. Marcos Mayer). Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI. https://proletarios.org/books/Bourdieu-Los_herederos_los_Estudiantes_y_la_Cultura.pdf
Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (2023). Teoría sociocognitiva de la carrera profesional. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-68988-003
Castillero Mimenza, O. (2020). El modelo tipológico de Holland y su función en orientación profesional. Psicología y Mente. Recuperado de https://psicologiaymente.com/personalidad/modelo-tipologico-holland
Christensen-Salem, A., Walumbwa, F. O., Hsu, C. I. C., Misati, E., Babalola, M. T., & Kim, K. (2021). Unmasking the creative self-efficacy–creative performance relationship: the roles of thriving at work, perceived work significance, and task interdependence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(22), 4820–4846. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2019.1710721
Crucerira Merino, L. S. (2021). Análisis del proceso de orientación profesional en el bachillerato, de los estudiantes del segundo semestre de las carreras de Diseño Gráfico, Publicidad, Pedagogía del Arte, Psicología General y Psicopedagogía en la Universidad Técnica del Norte. Recuperado de https://repositorio.utn.edu.ec/handle/123456789/10819
Dubet, F. (2005). Los estudiantes. cpu-e. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 1. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=283121715008
Dziak, M. (2023). Teoría sociocognitiva de la carrera profesional (SCCT). Recuperado de https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/business-and-management/social-cognitive-career-theory-scct
Garrido Díaz, Y. A., & Magaña Medina, D. E. (2025). Revisión sistemática: Expectativas de carrera y acción de elección en el interés de los estudiantes por disciplinas STEM. Recuperado de https://revmic.com/index.php/IC/article/view/83
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://bibliotecadoloresmedina.omeka.net/items/show/176
Holland, J. L. (1997). Toma de decisiones vocacionales: una teoría de las personalidades vocacionales y los entornos laborales (3.ª ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1970223
Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2024). Guía presentación documento (Metodología de Investigación, Diseño Gráfico FESC-Ocaña). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19912.33288
Kerrigan, S., Grushka, K., Chand, A., Street, K., Shadbolt, J., & Lawry, M. (2023). Creative industries careers: shifting aspirations and pathways from high school to university—a NSW case study. The Australian Educational Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00574-9
Le, T. D., Robinson, L. J., & Dobele, A. R. (2020). Understanding high school students use of choice factors and word-of-mouth information sources in university selection. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1564259
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033446
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2020). Career decision making, fast and slow: Toward an integrative model of intervention for sustainable career choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103448
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/t16099-000
Olivares, M., & Quezada, J. (2013). Impacto de las ferias vocacionales en la orientación vocacional. Avances en Psicología, 21(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.33539/avpsicol.2013.v21n1.309
Pearson, K. (1896). Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. III. Regression, heredity, and panmixia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsta/article/doi/10.1098/rsta.1896.0007/108160/VII-Mathematical-contributions-to-the-theory-of
Ramos Jiménez, R. B., Pacheco Cunduri, M. A., Calderón Cruz, F. A., & Heredia Saenz, F. D. (2025). Percepciones sobre la creatividad en diseño gráfico: Desafíos y prácticas pedagógicas. Recuperado de https://polodelconocimiento.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/10007
Roy-García, I., & Rivas-Ruiz, R. (2019). Correlación: no toda correlación implica causalidad. Revista Alergia México, 66(3), 354–360. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2448-91902019000300354&script=sci_arttext
Sánchez García, M. F. (2017). E-libros. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=eSw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39
Spearman, C. (1904). The proof and measurement of association between two things. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 72–101. https://webspace.ship.edu/pgmarr/Geo441/Readings/Spearman%201904%20-%20The%20Proof%20and%20Measurement%20of%20Association%20between%20Two%20Things.pdf
Vega, E. (2023). ¿Por qué nadie sabe qué es el diseño? Los Libros de la Catarata. https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&lr=&id=due1EAAAQBAJ
Whiston, S. C., Li, Y., & Wright, L. E. (2017). Effectiveness of career choice interventions: A meta-analytic replication and extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.010
This study examines how 11th-grade students perceive the study of graphic design as a potential career path, focusing on the municipality of Ocaña, where there has been a steady decline in students’ interest in pursuing graphic design as a college major, despite the availability of institutional programs. The analysis is based on the understanding that choosing a career is a complex process influenced by personal, social, academic, and cultural factors. Methodologically, the research employed a quantitative methodology, with a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional approach, using a structured survey administered to eleventh-grade students. This instrument allowed for the analysis of various variables related to program knowledge, self-efficacy perceptions, access to vocational information, social influence, and career intentions. The results presented show that most students have a very general understanding of Graphic Design; however, only a portion of them consider it a career option. A barrier was identified between awareness of the field and the intention to pursue it, which is mainly related to a lack of clear information about job opportunities, unfavorable economic perceptions, doubts about creative abilities, and fear of the impact of artificial intelligence on their future careers. Additionally, there was low awareness of the program in terms of which universities offer it, even though there is already a local institution that offers it.
Agudelo Sarabia, T. S., Sánchez Morales, J., Vargas Jácome, M. L., & Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2023). La pedagogía en el diseño gráfico. Revista CONVICCIONES, 10(19). https://www.fesc.edu.co/Revistas/OJS/index.php/convicciones/article/view/2048
Alarcón Montiel, E. (2020). Elección de carrera: motivos, procesos e influencias y sus efectos en la experiencia estudiantil de jóvenes universitarios de alto rendimiento académico. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/journal/340/34065218004/html/?utm_source=.com
Alarcón Montiel, E.-A. (2019). Elección de carrera: motivos, procesos e influencias y sus efectos en la experiencia estudiantil de jóvenes universitarios de alto rendimiento académico. Reencuentro. Análisis de Problemas Universitarios, 30(77), 53–74. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/340/34065218004/34065218004.pdf
Areces, D., Rodríguez Muñiz, L. J., Suárez Álvarez, J., de la Roca, Y., & Cueli, M. (2016). Information sources used by high school students in the college degree choice. Psicothema, 28(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.76
Azzurra Meoli, Riccardo Fini, Maurizio Sobrero, Johan Wiklund. (2020). How entrepreneurial intentions influence entrepreneurial career choices: The moderating influence of social context. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105982
Balmaceda, M. I., Díaz Reinoso, V., & Cecilia Gil, M. (2018). Cómo entienden los estudiantes el diseño gráfico cuando lo eligen como carrera en la Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Argentina. Kepes, 15(18), 136–167. https://doi.org/10.17151/kepes.2018.15.18.6
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman. https://books.google.com/books/about/Self_efficacy.html?id=_8O9swEACAAJ
Barrientos-Monsalve Ender José, Sotelo-Barrios Mauricio Enrique y Hoyos-Patiño Johann Fernando (2023). METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. Guía práctica para la formulación de proyectos de investigación con ejemplos en áreas de administración y diseño. Primera edición. Ocaña, Norte de Santander: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander; Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones, 100 páginas. ISBN 978-958-503-827-1 (impreso) -- 978-958-503-828-8 (digital) https://n9.cl/36lba
Barrientos Monsalve, E. J., Velásquez-Carrasca, B. L., & Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2021). Contemporaneidad de las corrientes del pensamiento en los paradigmas de investigación. Aglala, 12(S1), 163–181. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.curn.edu.co/index.php/aglala/article/view/2128
Bernal, G. L., Abadia, L. K., Arango, S., & De Witte, K. (2024). Can information change preferences for higher education? Evidence from a randomised experiment in Colombia. International Journal of Educational Research, 127, 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102417
Betancourt, J. (2000). Creatividad en la educación: Educación para transformar. Revista PsicologiaCientifica.com, 2(1). Recuperado de https://psicologiacientifica.com/creatividad-en-la-educacion
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (2004). Los herederos: los estudiantes y la cultura (Trad. Marcos Mayer). Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI. https://proletarios.org/books/Bourdieu-Los_herederos_los_Estudiantes_y_la_Cultura.pdf
Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (2023). Teoría sociocognitiva de la carrera profesional. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-68988-003
Castillero Mimenza, O. (2020). El modelo tipológico de Holland y su función en orientación profesional. Psicología y Mente. Recuperado de https://psicologiaymente.com/personalidad/modelo-tipologico-holland
Christensen-Salem, A., Walumbwa, F. O., Hsu, C. I. C., Misati, E., Babalola, M. T., & Kim, K. (2021). Unmasking the creative self-efficacy–creative performance relationship: the roles of thriving at work, perceived work significance, and task interdependence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(22), 4820–4846. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2019.1710721
Crucerira Merino, L. S. (2021). Análisis del proceso de orientación profesional en el bachillerato, de los estudiantes del segundo semestre de las carreras de Diseño Gráfico, Publicidad, Pedagogía del Arte, Psicología General y Psicopedagogía en la Universidad Técnica del Norte. Recuperado de https://repositorio.utn.edu.ec/handle/123456789/10819
Dubet, F. (2005). Los estudiantes. cpu-e. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 1. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=283121715008
Dziak, M. (2023). Teoría sociocognitiva de la carrera profesional (SCCT). Recuperado de https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/business-and-management/social-cognitive-career-theory-scct
Garrido Díaz, Y. A., & Magaña Medina, D. E. (2025). Revisión sistemática: Expectativas de carrera y acción de elección en el interés de los estudiantes por disciplinas STEM. Recuperado de https://revmic.com/index.php/IC/article/view/83
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://bibliotecadoloresmedina.omeka.net/items/show/176
Holland, J. L. (1997). Toma de decisiones vocacionales: una teoría de las personalidades vocacionales y los entornos laborales (3.ª ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1970223
Hoyos-Patiño, J. F. (2024). Guía presentación documento (Metodología de Investigación, Diseño Gráfico FESC-Ocaña). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19912.33288
Kerrigan, S., Grushka, K., Chand, A., Street, K., Shadbolt, J., & Lawry, M. (2023). Creative industries careers: shifting aspirations and pathways from high school to university—a NSW case study. The Australian Educational Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00574-9
Le, T. D., Robinson, L. J., & Dobele, A. R. (2020). Understanding high school students use of choice factors and word-of-mouth information sources in university selection. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1564259
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033446
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2020). Career decision making, fast and slow: Toward an integrative model of intervention for sustainable career choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103448
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/t16099-000
Olivares, M., & Quezada, J. (2013). Impacto de las ferias vocacionales en la orientación vocacional. Avances en Psicología, 21(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.33539/avpsicol.2013.v21n1.309
Pearson, K. (1896). Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. III. Regression, heredity, and panmixia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsta/article/doi/10.1098/rsta.1896.0007/108160/VII-Mathematical-contributions-to-the-theory-of
Ramos Jiménez, R. B., Pacheco Cunduri, M. A., Calderón Cruz, F. A., & Heredia Saenz, F. D. (2025). Percepciones sobre la creatividad en diseño gráfico: Desafíos y prácticas pedagógicas. Recuperado de https://polodelconocimiento.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/10007
Roy-García, I., & Rivas-Ruiz, R. (2019). Correlación: no toda correlación implica causalidad. Revista Alergia México, 66(3), 354–360. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2448-91902019000300354&script=sci_arttext
Sánchez García, M. F. (2017). E-libros. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=eSw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39
Spearman, C. (1904). The proof and measurement of association between two things. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 72–101. https://webspace.ship.edu/pgmarr/Geo441/Readings/Spearman%201904%20-%20The%20Proof%20and%20Measurement%20of%20Association%20between%20Two%20Things.pdf
Vega, E. (2023). ¿Por qué nadie sabe qué es el diseño? Los Libros de la Catarata. https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&lr=&id=due1EAAAQBAJ
Whiston, S. C., Li, Y., & Wright, L. E. (2017). Effectiveness of career choice interventions: A meta-analytic replication and extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.010
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