Social innovation initiatives for redistribution of care work in households for rural women
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social innovation, care economy, unpaid care work, gender inequality, COVID-19
Different feminist movements have sought to make visible the daily care work performed by women in the home. These jobs have not been recognized either by the states or by the current economic model, ignoring the contribution that women make to families, the state and society through their work. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation of women has worsened considerably not only in economic and social aspects, but also increased the inequality gap with men, generating a difficult situation for both women and their families. Considering this problematic, this article aims to answer the following research question: What could be the social innovation initiatives that would contribute to the redistribution of care work in households for rural women in the department of Boyacá in the context of the post-pandemic COVID-19? To answer this question, two objectives were proposed: first, to contrast the factors that explain the inequitable distribution of unpaid work in the household identified in the literature with the life histories of rural women in the department of Boyacá by studying the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on these dynamics. And second, to establish social innovation initiatives for the post-pandemic COVID-19 context, aligned with the factors that explain the inequity in the redistribution of unpaid work in the household based on the People-Centered Design methodology. A methodological structure was established based on People-Centered Design, comprising three phases: Listen, Create and Deliver. It is expected that the results of the research will be translated into social innovation initiatives that contribute to reducing and redistributing unpaid care work in rural households.
N. Rao, “Global agendas, local norms: mobilizing around unpaid care and domestic work in Asia”, Development change, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 735-758, 2018
K. Bahn, J. Cohen, and Y. van der Meulen Rodgers, “A Feminist Perspective on COVID-19 and the Value of Care Work Globally”, Gender, Work Organization, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 695-699, 2020
A. Schmidt, “The profits of unpaid work.‘Assisting labour’of women in the early modern urban Dutch economy,” The History of the Family, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 301-322, 2014
C. Reid and R. A. LeDrew, “The Burden of Being “Employable” Underpaid and Unpaid Work and Women’s Health”, Affilia, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 79-93, 2013
Organización de las Naciones Unidas, 12 años de reconocimiento del papel de la mujer rural en nuetra sociedad. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.un.org/es/observances/rural-women-day/background
M. León y C. D. Deere, “La mujer rural y la reforma agrariaen Colombia”, Cuad. Des. Rural, no. pp. 38-39, may 2012
I. Vaca-Trigo, “Oportunidades y desafíos para la autonomía de las mujeres en el futuro escenario del trabajo”, Santiago: Naciones Unidas, 2019
Naciones Unidas, La pandemia del COVID-19 profundiza la crisis de los cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45335-la-pandemia-covid-19-profundiza-la-crisis-cuidados-america-latina-caribe
DANE, Boletín Técnico Cuenta Satélite de Economía del Cuidado (CSEC), 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/cuentas/ec/Bol_CS_Econo_cuidado_CPEC_2017_prov.pdf
DANE, Pobreza de Tiempo e Ingreso 2012-2013, 2014. [En línea]. Disponible en:https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobrezatiempo/Bole_Pobreza_Tiempo_Ingreso_12_13.pdf
DANE, Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo -ENUT, 2018. [En línea].Disponible en: https://sitios.dane.gov.co/enut_dashboard/#!/
DANE, Informe de Gestión Ley 1413 de 2010 Undécimo informe semestral, 2016. [En línea].Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/cuentas/ec/11_informe_semestral_Ley_1413.pdf
Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2018-2022 Pacto por Colombia, pacto por la equidad, 2018. [En línea].Disponible en: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Prensa/Resumen-PND2018-2022-final.pdf
Consejeria Equidad de la Mujer, Observatorio Asunto de Género, 2020. [En línea].Disponible en: http://www.equidadmujer.gov.co/ejes/Paginas/observatorio-asuntos-genero.aspx
Gobernación de Boyacá, Plan de desarrollo 2020-2023 Tierra que Sigue Avanzando, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.boyaca.gov.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/pdd2020-2023boy.pdf
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, Mujeres y hombres: brechas de género en Colombia, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20colombia/documentos/publicaciones/2020/11/mujeres%20y%20hombres%20brechas%20de%20genero.pdf?la=es&vs=5814)
Q. Liangshu and D. Xiao-yuan, “Unpaid care work’s interference with paid work and the gender earnings gap in China”, Feminist Economics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 143-167, 2016
IDEO, The field guide to human-centered design. Design Kit, 2015
M. Fuge y A. Agogino, “Pattern analysis of IDEO’s human-centered design methods in developing regions”, Journal of mechanical Design, vol. 137, no. 7, 2015
M. Fuge and A. Agogino, “User research methods for development engineering: A study of method usage with IDEO’s HCD connect,” in International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2014, vol. 46407, p. V007T07A049
G. Rodrígez, J. Gil Flores y E. García Jiménez, “Tradición y enfoques en la investigación cualitativa”, in Metodología de la Investigación Cualitativa, Málaga: Ed. Aljibe, 1996
R. Atkinson, The life story interview. London: Sage publicationes, 1998
F. Mallimaci and V. Giménez Béliveau, “Historia de vida y métodos biográficos,” Estrategias de investigación cualitativa, vol. 1, pp. 23-60, 2006
J. Pujadas, “El método biográfico y los géneros de la memoria,” Revista de antropología social, vol. 9, p. 127, 2000
J. R. Torres Fritis, “Utilizaciób del diseño centrado en las personas en el mercado de edificios inteligentes en Chile”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, 2018
L. F. Malaver-Fonseca, L. F. Serrano-Cárdenas, and H. F. Castro-Silva, “The COVID-19 pandemic and the role of women in the care economy in Latin America: A systematic literature review,” Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 37, no. 158, pp. 153-163, 2021
S. Cook and D. Xiao-yuan, “Harsh choices: Chinese women’s paid work and unpaid care responsibilities under economic reform”, Development Change, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 947-965, 2011
D. Xiao-yuan and A. Xinli, “Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid Care Work: Findings From C hina’s First Large-Scale Time Use Survey”, Review of Income Wealth, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 540-560, 2015
Organización de Naciones Unidas, Mujeres and CEPAL. Cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe en tiempos de COVID-19: hacia sistemas integrales para fortalecer la respuesta y la recuperación, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45916-cuidados-america-latina-caribe-tiempos-covid-19-sistemas-integrales-fortalecer
CEPAL, Alicia Bárcena: para reconstruir mejor después del COVID-19 será clave el rol de las mujeres. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/noticias/alicia-barcena-reconstruir-mejor-despues-covid-19-sera-clave-rol-mujeres
M. C. Johnson, L. Saletti-Cuesta, and N. Tumas, “Emociones, preocupaciones y reflexiones frente a la pandemia del COVID-19 en Argentina”, Ciência Saúde Coletiva, vol. 25, pp. 2447-2456, 2020
C. Ernst and E. López-Mourelo, “El COVID-19 y el mundo del trabajo en Argentina: impacto y respuestas de política,” in Nota técnica. Buenos Aires: OIT, ed, 2020
N. Borgeaud Garciandía, “Cuidado y responsabilidad,” Estudos Avançados, vol. 34, no. 98, pp. 41-56, 2020
Different feminist movements have sought to make visible the daily care work performed by women in the home. These jobs have not been recognized either by the states or by the current economic model, ignoring the contribution that women make to families, the state and society through their work. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation of women has worsened considerably not only in economic and social aspects, but also increased the inequality gap with men, generating a difficult situation for both women and their families. Considering this problematic, this article aims to answer the following research question: What could be the social innovation initiatives that would contribute to the redistribution of care work in households for rural women in the department of Boyacá in the context of the post-pandemic COVID-19? To answer this question, two objectives were proposed: first, to contrast the factors that explain the inequitable distribution of unpaid work in the household identified in the literature with the life histories of rural women in the department of Boyacá by studying the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on these dynamics. And second, to establish social innovation initiatives for the post-pandemic COVID-19 context, aligned with the factors that explain the inequity in the redistribution of unpaid work in the household based on the People-Centered Design methodology. A methodological structure was established based on People-Centered Design, comprising three phases: Listen, Create and Deliver. It is expected that the results of the research will be translated into social innovation initiatives that contribute to reducing and redistributing unpaid care work in rural households.
N. Rao, “Global agendas, local norms: mobilizing around unpaid care and domestic work in Asia”, Development change, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 735-758, 2018
K. Bahn, J. Cohen, and Y. van der Meulen Rodgers, “A Feminist Perspective on COVID-19 and the Value of Care Work Globally”, Gender, Work Organization, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 695-699, 2020
A. Schmidt, “The profits of unpaid work.‘Assisting labour’of women in the early modern urban Dutch economy,” The History of the Family, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 301-322, 2014
C. Reid and R. A. LeDrew, “The Burden of Being “Employable” Underpaid and Unpaid Work and Women’s Health”, Affilia, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 79-93, 2013
Organización de las Naciones Unidas, 12 años de reconocimiento del papel de la mujer rural en nuetra sociedad. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.un.org/es/observances/rural-women-day/background
M. León y C. D. Deere, “La mujer rural y la reforma agrariaen Colombia”, Cuad. Des. Rural, no. pp. 38-39, may 2012
I. Vaca-Trigo, “Oportunidades y desafíos para la autonomía de las mujeres en el futuro escenario del trabajo”, Santiago: Naciones Unidas, 2019
Naciones Unidas, La pandemia del COVID-19 profundiza la crisis de los cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45335-la-pandemia-covid-19-profundiza-la-crisis-cuidados-america-latina-caribe
DANE, Boletín Técnico Cuenta Satélite de Economía del Cuidado (CSEC), 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/cuentas/ec/Bol_CS_Econo_cuidado_CPEC_2017_prov.pdf
DANE, Pobreza de Tiempo e Ingreso 2012-2013, 2014. [En línea]. Disponible en:https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobrezatiempo/Bole_Pobreza_Tiempo_Ingreso_12_13.pdf
DANE, Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo -ENUT, 2018. [En línea].Disponible en: https://sitios.dane.gov.co/enut_dashboard/#!/
DANE, Informe de Gestión Ley 1413 de 2010 Undécimo informe semestral, 2016. [En línea].Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/cuentas/ec/11_informe_semestral_Ley_1413.pdf
Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2018-2022 Pacto por Colombia, pacto por la equidad, 2018. [En línea].Disponible en: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Prensa/Resumen-PND2018-2022-final.pdf
Consejeria Equidad de la Mujer, Observatorio Asunto de Género, 2020. [En línea].Disponible en: http://www.equidadmujer.gov.co/ejes/Paginas/observatorio-asuntos-genero.aspx
Gobernación de Boyacá, Plan de desarrollo 2020-2023 Tierra que Sigue Avanzando, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.boyaca.gov.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/pdd2020-2023boy.pdf
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, Mujeres y hombres: brechas de género en Colombia, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20colombia/documentos/publicaciones/2020/11/mujeres%20y%20hombres%20brechas%20de%20genero.pdf?la=es&vs=5814)
Q. Liangshu and D. Xiao-yuan, “Unpaid care work’s interference with paid work and the gender earnings gap in China”, Feminist Economics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 143-167, 2016
IDEO, The field guide to human-centered design. Design Kit, 2015
M. Fuge y A. Agogino, “Pattern analysis of IDEO’s human-centered design methods in developing regions”, Journal of mechanical Design, vol. 137, no. 7, 2015
M. Fuge and A. Agogino, “User research methods for development engineering: A study of method usage with IDEO’s HCD connect,” in International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2014, vol. 46407, p. V007T07A049
G. Rodrígez, J. Gil Flores y E. García Jiménez, “Tradición y enfoques en la investigación cualitativa”, in Metodología de la Investigación Cualitativa, Málaga: Ed. Aljibe, 1996
R. Atkinson, The life story interview. London: Sage publicationes, 1998
F. Mallimaci and V. Giménez Béliveau, “Historia de vida y métodos biográficos,” Estrategias de investigación cualitativa, vol. 1, pp. 23-60, 2006
J. Pujadas, “El método biográfico y los géneros de la memoria,” Revista de antropología social, vol. 9, p. 127, 2000
J. R. Torres Fritis, “Utilizaciób del diseño centrado en las personas en el mercado de edificios inteligentes en Chile”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, 2018
L. F. Malaver-Fonseca, L. F. Serrano-Cárdenas, and H. F. Castro-Silva, “The COVID-19 pandemic and the role of women in the care economy in Latin America: A systematic literature review,” Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 37, no. 158, pp. 153-163, 2021
S. Cook and D. Xiao-yuan, “Harsh choices: Chinese women’s paid work and unpaid care responsibilities under economic reform”, Development Change, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 947-965, 2011
D. Xiao-yuan and A. Xinli, “Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid Care Work: Findings From C hina’s First Large-Scale Time Use Survey”, Review of Income Wealth, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 540-560, 2015
Organización de Naciones Unidas, Mujeres and CEPAL. Cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe en tiempos de COVID-19: hacia sistemas integrales para fortalecer la respuesta y la recuperación, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45916-cuidados-america-latina-caribe-tiempos-covid-19-sistemas-integrales-fortalecer
CEPAL, Alicia Bárcena: para reconstruir mejor después del COVID-19 será clave el rol de las mujeres. 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.cepal.org/es/noticias/alicia-barcena-reconstruir-mejor-despues-covid-19-sera-clave-rol-mujeres
M. C. Johnson, L. Saletti-Cuesta, and N. Tumas, “Emociones, preocupaciones y reflexiones frente a la pandemia del COVID-19 en Argentina”, Ciência Saúde Coletiva, vol. 25, pp. 2447-2456, 2020
C. Ernst and E. López-Mourelo, “El COVID-19 y el mundo del trabajo en Argentina: impacto y respuestas de política,” in Nota técnica. Buenos Aires: OIT, ed, 2020
N. Borgeaud Garciandía, “Cuidado y responsabilidad,” Estudos Avançados, vol. 34, no. 98, pp. 41-56, 2020
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